徐娇林晖闵剧情简介：徐娇林晖闵大陆 地区的于2012年上映，导演是谷口正行，徐娇林晖闵详细介绍：
徐娇林晖闵讲述:”左起：海报的成功，“代表着一种新的电影制作模式崛起”尽管在过往中国第五代导演的访谈中，也曾带出过对电影影响认知的吉光片羽?Ed Stoppard饰演Sir Hallam Holland，相当於七十年代版本的Richard Bellamy——故事讲1903年到1930年英国上流社会家庭的变迁?Because（因果关系词）theframersoftheUnitedStatesConstitution(writtenin1787)believedthatprotectingpropertyrightsrelatingtoinventionswouldencouragethenewnation’seconomicgrowth,theygaveCongress—thenationallegislature—aconstitutionalmandatetograntpatents（本文核心事物）forinventions.Theresultingpatentsystemhasservedasamodel（重要信息）forthoseinothernations./Recently,however,scholarshavequestioned（重要信息）whethertheAmericansystemhelpedachievetheframers’goals.Thesescholarshavecontended（关注动词）thatfrom1794toroughly1830,Americaninventorswereunable（重要信息）toenforcepropertyrightsbecause（因果关系词）judgeswere“antipatent”androutinelyinvalidatedpatentsforarbitraryreasons.Thisargumentisbasedpartlyon（重要表达，表明和前句的关系）examinationofcourtdecisionsincaseswherepatentholders(“patentees?broughtsuitalleginginfringementoftheirpatentrights.//Inthe1820s,forinstance,（举例）75percentofverdictsweredecidedagainstthepatentee.Theproportionofverdictsforthepatenteebegantoincreaseinthe1830s,suggesting（关注动词）tothesescholarsthatjudicialattitudestowardpatentrightsbeganshiftingthen.（重要信息）Notallpatentdisputesintheearlynineteenthcenturywerelitigated（原??however,andlitigatedcaseswerenotdrawnrandomlyfromthepopulationofdisputes（原??Therefore（因果关系词）therateofverdictsinfavorofpatenteescannotbeusedbyitselftogaugechangesinjudicialattitudesorenforceabilityofpatentrights.//Ifearlyjudicialdecisionswereprejudicedagainstpatentees,onemightexpectthesubsequentcourts—allegedlymoresupportiveofpatentrights—wouldreject（重要信息）theformerlegalprecedents.But（转折关系词）pre-1830caseshavebeencited（重要信息）asfrequentlyaslaterdecisions,andtheycontinuetobecitedtoday,suggesting（关注动词）thattheearlydecisions,manyofwhichclearlydeclaredthatpatentrightswereajustrecompenseforinventiveingenuity,providedalastingfoundation（重要信息）forpatentlaw./Theproportionofjudicialdecisionsinfavorofpatenteesbegantoincreaseduringthe1830sbecauseof（因果关系词）achangeintheunderlyingpopulationofcasesbroughttotrial.Thischangewaspartlydueto（因果关系词）an1836revisiontothepatentsystem:anexaminationprocedure,stillinusetoday,wasinstitutedinwhicheachapplicationisscrutinizedforitsadherencetopatentlaw.Previously,patentswereautomaticallygranteduponpaymentofafee.逻辑图：第一段：要授予专利权--被质疑（无法实施：理论基础、例子）----态度改善第二段：裁决率不适用--解释不适用及理?-解释真正的原因（总量的变?-总量变化的原因：1836revision?、Thepassageimpliesthatwhichofthefollowingwasareasonthattheproportionofverdictsinfavorofpatenteesbegantoincreaseinthe1830s?APatentapplicationsapprovedafter1836weremorelikelytoadherecloselytopatentlaw.BPatentlawsenactedduringthe1830sbetterdefinedpatentrights.（未提及）CJudgesbecamelessprejudicedagainstpatenteesduringthe1830s.（被反驳的部分）DAfter1836,litigatedcasesbecamelessrepresentativeofthepopulationofpatentdisputes.（未提及1836年之后，不具有代表性）ETheproportionofpatentdisputesbroughttotrialbegantoincreaseafter1836.（没有提及比例上涨）推理题：定位到第二段第三层，对应到A选项2、Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthefrequencywithwhichpre-1830caseshavebeencitedincourtdecisionsisanindicationthatAjudicialsupportforpatentrightswasstrongestintheperiodbefore1830（没有说是最强烈的）Bjudicialsupportforpatentrightsdidnotincreaseafter1830Ccourtshavereturnedtojudicialstandardsthatprevailedbefore1830（没有说退回到原来）Dverdictsfavoringpatenteesinpatent-infringementsuitsdidnotincreaseafter1830（跟专利侵权没有关系）Ejudicialbiasagainstpatenteespersistedafter1830（没有说bias持续存在）推理题：定位到第二段第二层suggesting的部分，原文说还是持续了之前的风格，即，支持没有增加，选B3、Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorandthescholarsreferredtointhehighlightedtextdisagreeaboutwhichofthefollowingaspectsofthepatentsdefendedinpatent-infringementsuitsbefore1830?AWhetherthepatentsweregrantedforinventionsthatweregenuinelyuseful（未提及是否有用）BWhetherthepatentswereactuallyrelevanttothegrowthoftheUnitedStateseconomy（他们的矛盾点不在于，是否与经济相关）CWhetherthepatentswereparticularlylikelytobeannulledbyjudges（未提及是否尤其容易被judge判无效）DWhetherthepatentswereroutinelyinvalidatedforreasonsthatwerearbitraryEWhetherthepatentswerevindicatedatasignificantlylowerratethanpatentsinlatersuits（他们的矛盾点不在于，是否维护率特别低）推理题：第一段的scholars认为支持比例上升，是因为judge的态度发生了改变，第二段作者进行了有理有据的反驳，所以他们的矛盾点在于，judge的态度问题，选D4.Theauthorofthepassageciteswhichofthefollowingasevidencechallengingtheargumentreferredtointhehighlightedtext?ATheproportionofcasesthatweredecidedagainstpatenteesinthe1820s（是例子，是支持，不是challenge）BThetotalnumberofpatentdisputesthatwerelitigatedfrom1794to1830（是结论的部分，不是challenge）CThefactthatlatercourtsdrewuponthelegalprecedentssetinpre-1830patentcasesDThefactthattheproportionofjudicialdecisionsinfavorofpatenteesbegantoincreaseduringthe1830s（与比例的上涨无关）ETheconstitutionalrationaleforthe1836revisionofthepatentsystem（与revision的rationale无关）细节题：注意题干问的是challenging，原文讨论的是judge的态度的问题，关于态度的问题，第二段进行了很好的反驳，其中第二段第二层讲到lastingfoundation对应到C选项?⌒ξζω＊ㄨ ≮≯ ＋－×÷﹢﹣±／＝∫∮∝